1 00:00:04,003 --> 00:00:04,938 MORNING. I'M CHRIS MOONEY. 2 00:00:05,004 --> 00:00:07,574 I'M A CLIMATE ENERGY ENERGY AND 3 00:00:07,640 --> 00:00:08,408 ENVIRONMENTAL REPORTER AT THE 4 00:00:08,475 --> 00:00:10,310 POST AND I'M EXCITED TO KICK OFF 5 00:00:10,377 --> 00:00:11,745 TODAY's PANEL. 6 00:00:11,811 --> 00:00:15,515 WE HAVE DR. HEIDI HAMMEL 7 00:00:15,582 --> 00:00:16,983 PLANETARY SCIENTIST AND 8 00:00:17,050 --> 00:00:18,518 EXECUTIVE VICE PRESIDENT OF THE 9 00:00:18,585 --> 00:00:22,455 RESEARCH AND ASTRONOMY AND BILL 10 00:00:22,522 --> 00:00:24,557 NYE CEO OF THE PLANETARY SOCIETY 11 00:00:24,624 --> 00:00:27,761 AND DELIVERED THE "WASHINGTON 12 00:00:27,827 --> 00:00:28,528 POST" HE INFORMS ME. 13 00:00:28,595 --> 00:00:29,662 FROM THERE TO THE STARS. 14 00:00:29,729 --> 00:00:34,801 >> IT WAS SOME TIME AGO. 15 00:00:34,868 --> 00:00:39,239 AND LAST BUT NOT LEAST JIM 16 00:00:39,305 --> 00:00:42,041 BRIDENSTEIN. 17 00:00:42,108 --> 00:00:46,980 I WANT TO LET THE AUDIENCE KNOW 18 00:00:47,046 --> 00:00:50,450 YOU CAN TWEET US AT 19 00:00:50,517 --> 00:00:50,884 #TRANSFORMERS. 20 00:00:50,950 --> 00:00:52,886 THEY'LL TRAVEL THROUGH SPACE AND 21 00:00:52,952 --> 00:00:56,356 I'LL RECEIVE THEM ON THIS IPAD. 22 00:00:56,423 --> 00:00:58,291 I'LL WORK THEM THROUGH THE 23 00:00:58,358 --> 00:00:58,691 DISCUSSION. 24 00:00:58,758 --> 00:00:59,959 INTERRUPT EACH OTHER. 25 00:01:00,026 --> 00:01:01,961 LET HAVE A CONVERSATION. 26 00:01:02,028 --> 00:01:04,631 I'D LIKE TO ASK YOU A QUESTION 27 00:01:04,697 --> 00:01:04,964 FIRST. 28 00:01:05,031 --> 00:01:06,533 UNITED STATES WAS INTENSELY 29 00:01:06,599 --> 00:01:08,268 FOCUSED ON SPACE IN THE '60S 30 00:01:08,334 --> 00:01:12,939 DURING THE APOLLO ERA. 31 00:01:13,006 --> 00:01:13,706 IT WAS SOMETHING THAT PRESENTED 32 00:01:13,773 --> 00:01:16,009 THIS AOUPB TERRI SHARED VISION. 33 00:01:16,075 --> 00:01:17,343 WHAT DO YOU THINK IT WOULD TAKE 34 00:01:17,410 --> 00:01:19,245 FOR US TO ESOOT GOLDEN AGE IN 35 00:01:19,312 --> 00:01:19,679 SPACE. 36 00:01:19,746 --> 00:01:25,919 WHAT WOULD IT LOOK LIKE? 37 00:01:25,985 --> 00:01:27,487 HOW WOULD HE KNOW IF WE'RE IN 38 00:01:27,554 --> 00:01:27,754 IT? 39 00:01:27,821 --> 00:01:28,988 >> THAT's WONDERFUL QUESTION. 40 00:01:29,055 --> 00:01:30,323 SOMETHING THIS ADMINISTRATION IS 41 00:01:30,390 --> 00:01:32,559 VERY INTERESTED IN AND AT NASA. 42 00:01:32,625 --> 00:01:34,994 THE PRESIDENT RECREATED THE 43 00:01:35,061 --> 00:01:36,563 NATIONAL SPACE COUNCIL FOR THE 44 00:01:36,629 --> 00:01:38,665 FIRST TIME IN 25 YEARS WHEN HE 45 00:01:38,731 --> 00:01:40,533 BECAME PRESIDENT AND HE PUT THE 46 00:01:40,600 --> 00:01:41,568 VICE PRESIDENT AS CHAIRMAN OF 47 00:01:41,634 --> 00:01:42,969 THE NATIONAL SPACE COUNCIL. 48 00:01:43,036 --> 00:01:45,438 IN FACT WHEN I LEAVE HERE I'M 49 00:01:45,505 --> 00:01:47,173 GOING TO A NATIONAL SPACE 50 00:01:47,240 --> 00:01:48,041 COUNCIL MEETING. 51 00:01:48,107 --> 00:01:49,609 THIS ADMINISTRATION IS VERY 52 00:01:49,676 --> 00:01:51,244 FOCUSED ON SPACE ON A WHOLE LOT 53 00:01:51,311 --> 00:01:53,513 OF LEVELS. 54 00:01:53,580 --> 00:01:55,815 BUT CERTAINLY ONE OF THE VERY 55 00:01:55,882 --> 00:01:57,717 FIRST SPACE POLICY DIRECTIVE 56 00:01:57,784 --> 00:01:58,785 THAT CAME WAS WE'RE GOING TO GO 57 00:01:58,852 --> 00:02:00,186 TO THE MOON. 58 00:02:00,253 --> 00:02:01,955 WHAT HE DID IS HE WANTS TO DO IT 59 00:02:02,021 --> 00:02:03,122 VERY DIFFERENTLY THAN WE'VE EVER 60 00:02:03,189 --> 00:02:04,324 DONE IT BEFORE. 61 00:02:04,390 --> 00:02:06,893 THIS IS NOT A RECREATION OF THE 62 00:02:06,960 --> 00:02:08,695 APOLLO ERA WE ALL THINK SO 63 00:02:08,761 --> 00:02:10,263 FONDLY OF. 64 00:02:10,330 --> 00:02:13,867 THIS IS IN ESSENCE A CREATING A 65 00:02:13,933 --> 00:02:15,101 SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE BETWEEN 66 00:02:15,168 --> 00:02:16,402 THE EARTH AND MOON WHERE WE CAN 67 00:02:16,469 --> 00:02:18,671 GO BACK AND FORTH OVER AND OVER 68 00:02:18,738 --> 00:02:20,240 AGAIN OVER A LONG PERIOD OF TIME 69 00:02:20,306 --> 00:02:23,376 WITH LANDERS AND ROBOTS AND 70 00:02:23,443 --> 00:02:27,647 HUMANS AND DO IT WITH COMMERCIAL 71 00:02:27,714 --> 00:02:28,948 PARTNERS AND INTERNATIONAL 72 00:02:29,015 --> 00:02:29,482 PARTNERS. 73 00:02:29,549 --> 00:02:30,817 UTILIZING THE RESOURCES OF THE 74 00:02:30,884 --> 00:02:32,652 MOON TO KEEP THE SUSTAINABLE 75 00:02:32,719 --> 00:02:33,386 ARCHITECTURE IN PLACE. 76 00:02:33,453 --> 00:02:34,988 >> LET ME FOLLOW-UP ON THAT. 77 00:02:35,054 --> 00:02:36,956 ONE THING THAT I LEARNEDED FROM 78 00:02:37,023 --> 00:02:38,525 NASA ACTUALLY DOING MY RESEARCH 79 00:02:38,591 --> 00:02:41,861 IS THAT ITS BUDGET DURING THE 80 00:02:41,928 --> 00:02:44,931 APOLLO ERA PEAK THE AT 5% OF THE 81 00:02:44,998 --> 00:02:46,833 ENTIRE FEDERAL BUDGET. 82 00:02:46,900 --> 00:02:48,268 THE ADMINISTRATION WANTS TO GET 83 00:02:48,334 --> 00:02:50,904 TO THE MOON AND BEYOND, BUT HOW 84 00:02:50,970 --> 00:02:53,540 DO YOU DO IT AND AFFORD THE 85 00:02:53,606 --> 00:02:56,943 MISSIONS WITH SO MUCH LESS MONEY 86 00:02:57,010 --> 00:02:58,077 PROPORTION NATALEE. 87 00:02:58,144 --> 00:03:00,380 .IGHT NOW IT's 88 00:03:00,446 --> 00:03:02,515 RIGHT NOW IT's ABOUT .4%. 89 00:03:02,582 --> 00:03:05,251 LESS THAN A 10TH OF WHAT IT WAS. 90 00:03:05,318 --> 00:03:07,453 >> FIRST THING THE PRESIDENT 91 00:03:07,520 --> 00:03:09,522 DID, HE PUT OUT HIS BUDGET 92 00:03:09,589 --> 00:03:11,157 REQUEST ASK THE TOOK THE BUDGET 93 00:03:11,224 --> 00:03:13,059 UP BY $1 BILLION. 94 00:03:13,126 --> 00:03:15,361 WHEN YOU HAVE A $19 BILLION 95 00:03:15,428 --> 00:03:16,930 BUDGET AND YOU GO UP A BILLION 96 00:03:16,996 --> 00:03:18,398 DOLLARS THAT's A SIGNIFICANT 97 00:03:18,464 --> 00:03:18,765 INCREASE. 98 00:03:18,831 --> 00:03:21,834 EVEN BEFORE I GOT CONFIRMED, WE 99 00:03:21,901 --> 00:03:27,740 HAD AN OMNIBUS APPROPRIATION 100 00:03:27,807 --> 00:03:30,376 BUDGET IN THE HOUSE THAT 101 00:03:30,443 --> 00:03:30,777 INCREASED. 102 00:03:30,843 --> 00:03:32,045 WE'RE SEEING BIPARTISAN SUPPORT 103 00:03:32,111 --> 00:03:33,479 FOR A BUDGET INCREASE. 104 00:03:33,546 --> 00:03:34,347 I THINK IT's IMPORTANT TO 105 00:03:34,414 --> 00:03:36,482 RECOGNIZE THAT WHEN YOU TALK 106 00:03:36,549 --> 00:03:39,953 ABOUT THE BUDGET AS A NASA's 107 00:03:40,019 --> 00:03:41,955 BUDGET AS A PERCENTAGE OF THE 108 00:03:42,021 --> 00:03:43,122 FEDERAL BUDGET WE HAVE TO 109 00:03:43,189 --> 00:03:45,124 REMEMBER THAT A LOT OF THE 110 00:03:45,191 --> 00:03:48,027 FEDERAL BUDGET HAS GROWN 111 00:03:48,094 --> 00:03:49,629 SIGNIFICANTLY AND SO, WHILE IT 112 00:03:49,696 --> 00:03:51,864 MAY BE A SMALLER PERCENTAGE IT's 113 00:03:51,931 --> 00:03:53,633 NOT NECESSARILY BECAUSE NASA IS 114 00:03:53,700 --> 00:03:54,601 STRONG BUT BECAUSE THE REST OF 115 00:03:54,667 --> 00:03:55,702 THE GOVERNMENT GREW. 116 00:03:55,768 --> 00:03:56,636 IF THAT MAKES SENSE. 117 00:03:56,703 --> 00:03:59,639 >> CAN I TALK ABOUT THE GOLDEN 118 00:03:59,706 --> 00:04:01,341 ERA AND WHAT THAT MEANT AS A 119 00:04:01,407 --> 00:04:02,809 SCIENTIST, A SPACE SCIENTIST? 120 00:04:02,875 --> 00:04:04,611 THAT ERA -- I WAS JUST A KID 121 00:04:04,677 --> 00:04:06,279 WHEN WE LANDED ON THE MOON AND I 122 00:04:06,346 --> 00:04:08,047 WAS ONE OF THOSE KIDS WATCHING 123 00:04:08,114 --> 00:04:09,916 THAT BLACK AND WHITE THING AND 124 00:04:09,983 --> 00:04:13,019 NOT UNDERSTANDING WHAT WAS 125 00:04:13,086 --> 00:04:13,386 HAPPENING. 126 00:04:13,453 --> 00:04:14,887 I WENT ON TO BE PART OF THE 127 00:04:14,954 --> 00:04:17,991 SPACE PROGRAM TO WORK ON THE 128 00:04:18,057 --> 00:04:24,097 VOYAGEER MISSION TO FLY BY 129 00:04:24,163 --> 00:04:25,365 URNANUS AND NEPTUNE. 130 00:04:25,431 --> 00:04:30,503 IT HAS BEEN A GOLDEN ERA OF 131 00:04:30,570 --> 00:04:31,504 PLANETARY EXPLORATION. 132 00:04:31,571 --> 00:04:34,073 WE HAVE REVEALED OUR SOLAR 133 00:04:34,140 --> 00:04:36,309 SYSTEM TO NOT BE POINTS OF LIGHT 134 00:04:36,376 --> 00:04:37,877 BUT WORLDS. 135 00:04:37,944 --> 00:04:40,079 WE'RE NOT THE BRINK OF A NEW 136 00:04:40,146 --> 00:04:40,446 ERA. 137 00:04:40,513 --> 00:04:44,884 WE NOW KNOW BECAUSE OF THE 138 00:04:47,387 --> 00:04:46,019 TELESCOPES 139 00:04:47,453 --> 00:04:48,888 STAR YOU SEE IN THE SKY HAS A 140 00:04:48,955 --> 00:04:50,023 PLANETARY SYSTEM AROUND IT. 141 00:04:50,089 --> 00:04:52,458 WE HAVE GONE FROM JUST A FEW 142 00:04:52,525 --> 00:04:54,627 PLANETS TO THOUSANDS OF PLANETS. 143 00:04:54,694 --> 00:04:57,130 THIS IS AN AMAZING MOMENT IN 144 00:04:57,196 --> 00:05:00,099 SCIENCE TO BE ON THE EDGE OF 145 00:05:00,166 --> 00:05:01,968 EXPLORING ALL THESE WORLDS. 146 00:05:02,035 --> 00:05:03,636 >> ISN'T IT DIFFERENT -- BILL, 147 00:05:03,703 --> 00:05:05,605 YOU GREW UP IN THE APOLLO AREA 148 00:05:05,672 --> 00:05:07,273 AND YOU'RE A COMMUNICATEER. 149 00:05:07,340 --> 00:05:09,208 SO IT SEEMS TO ME -- I WANT TO 150 00:05:09,275 --> 00:05:11,878 BOUNCE THIS OFF OF YOU. 151 00:05:11,944 --> 00:05:13,846 HAVEN'T WE BECOME KIND OF SPACE 152 00:05:13,913 --> 00:05:14,247 DISTRACTED? 153 00:05:14,313 --> 00:05:16,683 THERE WAS ONE STORY, IT WAS 154 00:05:16,749 --> 00:05:18,685 GETTING TO THE MOON. 155 00:05:18,751 --> 00:05:20,319 THERE WAS ONE SHOW -- 156 00:05:20,386 --> 00:05:21,454 >> KEEP IN MIND EVERYBODY -- WE 157 00:05:21,521 --> 00:05:25,324 WENT TO THE MOON ON ACCOUNT ON 158 00:05:25,391 --> 00:05:25,858 THE COLD WAR. 159 00:05:25,925 --> 00:05:27,326 IT WAS THE COLD WAR EFFORT AND 160 00:05:27,393 --> 00:05:28,795 YOU COULD ARGUE THAT IT WAS 161 00:05:28,861 --> 00:05:29,195 SUCCESSFUL. 162 00:05:29,262 --> 00:05:31,030 BUT THEN THE AMAZING SCIENCE 163 00:05:31,097 --> 00:05:34,500 THAT SPUN OFF OF THAT HAS LEAD 164 00:05:34,567 --> 00:05:36,402 TO THE INTERNET AND MOBILE 165 00:05:36,469 --> 00:05:37,670 PHONES AND GLOBAL POSITIONING 166 00:05:37,737 --> 00:05:40,206 AND ALL THESE OTHER THINGS. 167 00:05:40,273 --> 00:05:42,508 BECAUSE SPACE EXPLORATION HAS 168 00:05:42,575 --> 00:05:44,711 BECOME ROUTINE OR IN SOME 169 00:05:44,777 --> 00:05:45,111 ASPECTS. 170 00:05:45,178 --> 00:05:46,646 THAT's NOTHING BUT GREAT. 171 00:05:46,713 --> 00:05:50,616 AND TO HEIDI's COMMENT WHEN I 172 00:05:50,683 --> 00:05:52,318 SAW EVERYBODY, WHAT HAPPENED 173 00:05:52,385 --> 00:05:55,488 WAS, I TOOK ONE CLASS FROM CARL 174 00:05:55,555 --> 00:05:56,889 SAGAN WHEN I WAS IN ENGINEERING 175 00:05:56,956 --> 00:06:00,126 SCHOOL AND NOW I'M THE CEO. 176 00:06:00,193 --> 00:06:01,627 I LEFT THE ROOM AND THERE WAS A 177 00:06:01,694 --> 00:06:06,766 VOTE AND NOW I'M. 178 00:06:06,833 --> 00:06:07,033 CEO. 179 00:06:07,100 --> 00:06:11,304 THERE WERE ESTIMATED MAYBE A 180 00:06:11,370 --> 00:06:12,505 PLANET EVERYONE HUNDRED STAR. 181 00:06:12,572 --> 00:06:15,041 NOW WE KNOW THERE IS 10 PLANET 182 00:06:15,108 --> 00:06:15,875 AROUND EVERY STAR. 183 00:06:15,942 --> 00:06:17,276 THIS GETS INTO THE EXPRESSION OF 184 00:06:17,343 --> 00:06:18,111 BILLIONS AND BILLIONS. 185 00:06:18,177 --> 00:06:20,413 IT IS AMAZING HOW MANY PLANETS 186 00:06:20,480 --> 00:06:21,814 THERE MUST BE OUT THERE AND SO 187 00:06:21,881 --> 00:06:24,250 AS I ALWAYS SAY, THERE'S TWO 188 00:06:24,317 --> 00:06:26,619 QUESTIONS WE ALWAYS ASK. 189 00:06:26,686 --> 00:06:29,021 IF YOU MEET SOMEBODY WHO HASN'T 190 00:06:29,088 --> 00:06:29,756 ASKED THESE QUESTIONS THEY'RE 191 00:06:29,822 --> 00:06:31,157 LYING TO YOU. 192 00:06:31,224 --> 00:06:32,325 WHERE DID WE COME FROM AND ARE 193 00:06:32,391 --> 00:06:34,160 WE ALONE IN THE UNIVERSE? 194 00:06:34,227 --> 00:06:36,429 AND THESE ARE JUST DEEP 195 00:06:36,496 --> 00:06:37,096 FUNDAMENTAL QUESTIONS. 196 00:06:37,163 --> 00:06:38,030 AND THEY'RE WITHIN US AND IF YOU 197 00:06:38,097 --> 00:06:39,098 WANT TO KNOW THE ANSWERS YOU 198 00:06:39,165 --> 00:06:41,267 HAVE TO EXPLORE SPACE. 199 00:06:41,334 --> 00:06:44,337 EVERYBODY -- TO HEIDI's POINT, 200 00:06:44,403 --> 00:06:47,073 IT IS VERY REASONABLE THAT WE 201 00:06:47,140 --> 00:06:49,642 WILL FIND EVIDENCE OF LIFE ON 202 00:06:49,709 --> 00:06:50,943 ANOTHER WORLD WHILE WE'RE ALL 203 00:06:51,010 --> 00:06:52,879 STILL ALIVE. 204 00:06:52,945 --> 00:06:54,714 WHICH WOULD BE ASTONISHING. 205 00:06:54,781 --> 00:06:57,984 IT WOULD TELL YOU -- FIRST OF 206 00:06:58,050 --> 00:06:59,252 ALL, WHAT IF THERE IS NO 207 00:06:59,318 --> 00:07:00,586 EVIDENCE AT ALL OF LIFE. 208 00:07:00,653 --> 00:07:02,255 THAT WOULD MEAN, WOW, WE'RE 209 00:07:02,321 --> 00:07:05,158 UNIQUE IN A WAY THAT's LITERALLY 210 00:07:05,224 --> 00:07:05,725 HARD TO IMAGINE. 211 00:07:05,792 --> 00:07:07,960 BUT THE OTHER THING, IT's VERY 212 00:07:08,027 --> 00:07:09,629 REASONABLE WE'LL FIND LIFE. 213 00:07:09,695 --> 00:07:11,230 JUST THINK WHAT IT WOULD MEAN. 214 00:07:11,297 --> 00:07:14,667 IT WOULD BE LIKE GALILEO. 215 00:07:14,734 --> 00:07:17,170 IT WOULD FUNDAMENTAL AND THE WAY 216 00:07:17,236 --> 00:07:18,504 EVERYBODY FEELS ABOUT BEING A 217 00:07:18,571 --> 00:07:19,172 LIVING THING. 218 00:07:19,238 --> 00:07:20,506 >> TO BILL's POINT BECAUSE I 219 00:07:20,573 --> 00:07:21,174 THINK HE'S RIGHT. 220 00:07:21,240 --> 00:07:23,109 JUST IN THE 6 MONTHS I'VE BEEN 221 00:07:23,176 --> 00:07:25,745 THE NASA ADMINISTRATOR WE NOW 222 00:07:25,812 --> 00:07:28,981 KNOW THAT METHANE CYCLES ON MARS 223 00:07:29,048 --> 00:07:31,184 ARE PERFECTLY IN ORDER WITH THE 224 00:07:31,250 --> 00:07:33,419 SEASONS OF MARS. 225 00:07:33,486 --> 00:07:35,655 WE ALSO KNOW THAT THERE ARE 226 00:07:35,721 --> 00:07:37,423 COMPLEX ORGANIC COMPLEX ON THE 227 00:07:37,490 --> 00:07:38,658 SURFACE OF MARS. 228 00:07:38,724 --> 00:07:39,892 THIS IS JUST WITHIN THE LAST 6 229 00:07:39,959 --> 00:07:40,226 MONTHS. 230 00:07:40,293 --> 00:07:41,627 THAT DOESN'T GUARANTEE LIFE. 231 00:07:41,694 --> 00:07:44,063 BUT IT INCREASES THE PROBABILITY 232 00:07:44,130 --> 00:07:44,997 THAT THERE IS LIFE. 233 00:07:45,064 --> 00:07:47,266 AND IT's UP TO US TO FIND IT. 234 00:07:47,333 --> 00:07:49,602 ALSO SINCE I'VE BEEN THE NASA 235 00:07:49,669 --> 00:07:50,636 ADMINISTRATOR WE KNOW THAT UNDER 236 00:07:50,703 --> 00:08:00,179 THE SURFACE OF MARS ABOUT 1.5 237 00:08:00,246 --> 00:08:01,747 KILOMETERS WE FOUND LIQUID 238 00:08:01,814 --> 00:08:02,048 WATER. 239 00:08:02,114 --> 00:08:04,250 >> EVERYWHERE THERE IS WATER OR 240 00:08:04,317 --> 00:08:05,952 DAMPNESS THERE IS SOMETHING 241 00:08:06,018 --> 00:08:06,519 ALIVE. 242 00:08:06,586 --> 00:08:10,456 JUST THINK IF THERE'S MARTIAN 243 00:08:10,523 --> 00:08:11,991 MICROBES IT WOULD BE IS ASTON 244 00:08:12,058 --> 00:08:13,893 INNERING. 245 00:08:13,960 --> 00:08:14,994 WE DO THAT -- 246 00:08:15,061 --> 00:08:16,929 >> THAT's NOT THE ONLY PLACE. 247 00:08:16,996 --> 00:08:20,266 >> LET's TALK ABOUT EUROPA, FOR 248 00:08:20,333 --> 00:08:26,839 EXAMPLE JUPITER's MOON. 249 00:08:29,675 --> 00:08:27,206 I 250 00:08:29,742 --> 00:08:30,009 OCEAN. 251 00:08:30,076 --> 00:08:31,911 ONE WAY WE'VE BEEN ABLE TO TRACK 252 00:08:31,978 --> 00:08:33,913 THE PLUMES OF WATER WE THINK 253 00:08:33,980 --> 00:08:38,117 EXIST ON EUROPA IS USING THE 254 00:08:38,184 --> 00:08:39,518 HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE. 255 00:08:39,585 --> 00:08:43,389 ONE REASON IT's BEEN THE MOST 256 00:08:43,456 --> 00:08:44,991 REVOLUTIONARY TOOL FOR 28 YEARS 257 00:08:45,057 --> 00:08:48,895 IS BECAUSE IT WAS SURFACED BIAS 258 00:08:48,961 --> 00:08:49,662 THROW ASTRONAUTS. 259 00:08:49,729 --> 00:08:52,098 THEY WENT UP THERE AND THEY TOOK 260 00:08:52,164 --> 00:08:53,766 OUT OLD INSTRUMENTS AND PUT IN 261 00:08:53,833 --> 00:09:00,172 NEW ONES AND TOOK OUT OLD 262 00:09:00,239 --> 00:09:01,107 GYROSCOPES AND PUT IN NEW ONES 263 00:09:01,173 --> 00:09:02,108 WHICH ARE OPENING AGAIN AND WE 264 00:09:02,174 --> 00:09:04,277 HOPE TO BE BACK ON SKY WITH 265 00:09:04,343 --> 00:09:08,114 HUBBLE VERY SOON. 266 00:09:08,180 --> 00:09:10,249 ASTRONAUTS, THE HUMAN 267 00:09:10,316 --> 00:09:11,350 SPACEFLIGHT WORKS HAND IN GLOVE 268 00:09:11,417 --> 00:09:12,785 WITH THE SCIENCE SIDE. 269 00:09:12,852 --> 00:09:14,487 WE NEED THEM BOTH. 270 00:09:14,553 --> 00:09:16,122 >> THAT BRINGS UP SOMETHING THAT 271 00:09:16,188 --> 00:09:18,891 I WANT TO ASK ABOUT WHICH IS THE 272 00:09:18,958 --> 00:09:19,592 INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION. 273 00:09:19,659 --> 00:09:22,328 YOU HAILED THIS NEW ERA OF 274 00:09:22,395 --> 00:09:23,763 SPACEFLIGHT AND THIS INVOLVES 275 00:09:23,829 --> 00:09:26,365 SHUTTLING ON BOARD 276 00:09:26,432 --> 00:09:27,166 COMMERCIALLY-DESIGNED CRAFT TO 277 00:09:27,233 --> 00:09:29,201 THE STATION BUT PHASING OUT 278 00:09:29,268 --> 00:09:30,636 FUNDING FOR THIS RESEARCH HUB 279 00:09:30,703 --> 00:09:33,706 AND HAVING THE COMMERCIAL SECTER 280 00:09:33,773 --> 00:09:34,373 EVENTUALLY TAKE OVER. 281 00:09:34,440 --> 00:09:36,275 SO MY QUESTION IS, WHAT HAPPENS 282 00:09:36,342 --> 00:09:38,477 IF MARKETS DON'T EVOLVE IN THE 283 00:09:38,544 --> 00:09:40,313 WAY THAT WE THINK OR HOPE AND 284 00:09:40,379 --> 00:09:42,515 COMMERCIAL ENTITIES DON'T FIND 285 00:09:42,581 --> 00:09:44,450 IT WORTH WHILE TO DO THE KINDS 286 00:09:44,517 --> 00:09:45,785 OF THINGS THAT ARE HAPPENING 287 00:09:45,851 --> 00:09:46,285 THERE NOW? 288 00:09:46,352 --> 00:09:48,454 >> THAT's A WONDERFUL QUESTION. 289 00:09:48,521 --> 00:09:50,823 IT'S AN IMPORTANT QUESTION THAT 290 00:09:50,890 --> 00:09:53,059 WE'RE GOING TO STRUGGLE WITH 291 00:09:53,125 --> 00:09:54,093 UNTIL WE GET THE SOLUTION. 292 00:09:54,160 --> 00:09:56,062 THE ANSWER IS THIS: WE WANT TO 293 00:09:56,128 --> 00:09:58,998 MAKE SURE WE HAVE ZERO GAP IN 294 00:09:59,065 --> 00:10:00,333 HUMAN PRESENCE IN LOWER EARTH 295 00:10:00,399 --> 00:10:02,034 ORBIT AND BEYOND. 296 00:10:02,101 --> 00:10:04,370 WE HAVE HAD HUMANS LIVING AND 297 00:10:04,437 --> 00:10:07,273 WORKING IN SPACE FOR 18 YEARS 298 00:10:07,340 --> 00:10:07,640 STRAIGHT. 299 00:10:07,707 --> 00:10:09,542 AND WE WANT TO MAKE SURE THAT 300 00:10:09,608 --> 00:10:10,042 NEVER STOPS. 301 00:10:10,109 --> 00:10:11,844 IN ORDER TO DO THAT WE NEED TO 302 00:10:11,911 --> 00:10:14,146 SEE A VERY ROBUST COMMERCIAL 303 00:10:14,213 --> 00:10:15,414 MARKETPLACE DEVELOP IN LOWER 304 00:10:15,481 --> 00:10:16,649 EARTH ORBIT. 305 00:10:16,716 --> 00:10:19,318 WE BELIEVE THAT THAT's 306 00:10:19,385 --> 00:10:20,119 IMMINENTLY POSSIBLE. 307 00:10:20,186 --> 00:10:22,655 AND WHAT THE PRESIDENT's BUDGET 308 00:10:22,722 --> 00:10:24,156 REQUEST DID, IT SAID HEY, LOOK, 309 00:10:24,223 --> 00:10:26,459 WE NEED TO START NOW, SERIOUSLY 310 00:10:26,525 --> 00:10:28,094 CONSIDERING HOW DO WE GET TO A 311 00:10:28,160 --> 00:10:29,395 DAY WHERE COMMERCIALIZATION 312 00:10:29,462 --> 00:10:30,429 HAPPENS IN LOWER EARTH ORBIT. 313 00:10:30,496 --> 00:10:32,698 IF YOU GO BACK IN TIME TO THE 314 00:10:32,765 --> 00:10:34,667 COLD WAR, WE CAME TO THE END OF 315 00:10:34,734 --> 00:10:37,436 THE APOLLO PROGRAM RIGHT INTO 316 00:10:37,503 --> 00:10:39,505 APOLLO SOYUZ WHICH WAS AN 317 00:10:39,572 --> 00:10:40,239 INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION 318 00:10:40,306 --> 00:10:42,174 BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND 319 00:10:42,241 --> 00:10:44,210 THE SOVIET UNION AT THE TIME. 320 00:10:44,276 --> 00:10:45,811 THAT DEMONSTRATED THE SUCCESS OF 321 00:10:45,878 --> 00:10:47,446 THE APOLLO PROGRAM, THE FACT 322 00:10:47,513 --> 00:10:49,281 THAT THESE TWO SUPER POWERS HAVE 323 00:10:49,348 --> 00:10:50,416 DECIDED WE'RE GOING TO 324 00:10:50,483 --> 00:10:53,119 COLLABORATE AND WORK TOGETHER ON 325 00:10:53,185 --> 00:10:53,419 SPACE. 326 00:10:53,486 --> 00:10:58,457 THAT WENT FORWARD WITH THE 327 00:10:58,524 --> 00:10:59,625 MIRROR PROGRAM AND THE SHUTTLE 328 00:10:59,692 --> 00:11:01,460 PROGRAM AND THE INTERNATIONAL 329 00:11:01,527 --> 00:11:03,796 SPACE STATION. 330 00:11:03,863 --> 00:11:06,866 >> IT's IN NASA CHARTER. 331 00:11:06,932 --> 00:11:08,868 WHEN INTERNATIONAL PARTNERS 332 00:11:08,934 --> 00:11:10,669 COLLABORATE IN SPACE, THE 333 00:11:10,736 --> 00:11:11,537 OVERALL COST OF WHATEVER YOU'RE 334 00:11:11,604 --> 00:11:15,174 GOING TO DO MIGHT GO UP, 335 00:11:15,241 --> 00:11:17,410 EXPLORING EUROPA, FOR EXAMPLE. 336 00:11:17,476 --> 00:11:19,278 BUT THE COST PER AGENCY GOES WAY 337 00:11:19,345 --> 00:11:21,914 DOWN SIGNIFICANTLY DOWN. 338 00:11:21,981 --> 00:11:24,116 AND WHATEVER ELSE THE SPACE 339 00:11:24,183 --> 00:11:27,453 STATION HAS DONE, IT HAS BEEN 340 00:11:27,520 --> 00:11:29,488 FANTASTIC FOR DIPLOMACY. 341 00:11:29,555 --> 00:11:31,390 >> DO YOU AGREE DOES THE 342 00:11:31,457 --> 00:11:34,827 PLANETARY SOCIETY AGREE THAT A 343 00:11:34,894 --> 00:11:35,494 COMMERCIALIZATION STATE IS 344 00:11:35,561 --> 00:11:38,664 INEVITABLE IN THE LONG RUN? 345 00:11:38,731 --> 00:11:38,931 NO? 346 00:11:38,998 --> 00:11:43,936 >> SOME DISCLOSURE. 347 00:11:44,003 --> 00:11:48,841 I APPLIED TO BE AN ASTRONAUT 4 348 00:11:48,908 --> 00:11:49,875 TIMES. 349 00:11:49,942 --> 00:11:51,644 BUT IT IS NOT CLEAR -- LET's GO 350 00:11:51,710 --> 00:11:52,711 WITH THAT -- 351 00:11:52,778 --> 00:11:54,980 >> HAD I BEEN THE ADMINISTRATOR 352 00:11:55,047 --> 00:11:55,981 YOU WOULD HAVE BEEN SELECTED. 353 00:11:56,048 --> 00:11:58,150 >> CAREFUL WHAT YOU WISH FOR. 354 00:11:58,217 --> 00:12:00,886 IT'S NOT CLEAR THAT WE CAN GO TO 355 00:12:00,953 --> 00:12:03,089 THE MOON AND TO MARS AND OPERATE 356 00:12:03,155 --> 00:12:06,759 THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION 357 00:12:06,826 --> 00:12:08,127 IN THE CURRENT BUDGET, EVEN WITH 358 00:12:08,194 --> 00:12:10,963 THE INCREASE IN NASA's BUDGET. 359 00:12:11,030 --> 00:12:13,032 THOSE THREE THINGS ALL GOING AT 360 00:12:13,099 --> 00:12:14,033 ONCE ARE TRICKY. 361 00:12:14,100 --> 00:12:15,468 AND THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE 362 00:12:15,534 --> 00:12:19,071 STATION IS A NATIONAL LAB, SO 363 00:12:19,138 --> 00:12:20,539 COME ON DOWN EVERYBODY AND FLY 364 00:12:20,606 --> 00:12:22,641 UP THERE AND CONDUCT THINGS THE 365 00:12:22,708 --> 00:12:25,811 WAY WE CONDUCT SCIENCE IN OTHER 366 00:12:25,878 --> 00:12:27,113 NATIONAL LABS. 367 00:12:27,179 --> 00:12:29,582 BUT THIS IS THE PROBLEM TO BE 368 00:12:29,648 --> 00:12:30,049 FIGURED OUT. 369 00:12:30,116 --> 00:12:32,084 NO MATTER WHAT WE DO, NO MATTER 370 00:12:32,151 --> 00:12:33,919 WHAT THE FUTURE IS, I THINK WE 371 00:12:33,986 --> 00:12:37,590 ALL AGREE WE WANT TO GET BEYOND 372 00:12:37,656 --> 00:12:38,624 LOW EARTH ORBIT. 373 00:12:38,691 --> 00:12:41,460 THE OLD SAYING, IF YOU HAVE A 374 00:12:41,527 --> 00:12:43,963 CLASSROOM GLOBE WHICH IN ENGLISH 375 00:12:44,029 --> 00:12:45,464 UNITS WOULD BE 12 INCHES. 376 00:12:45,531 --> 00:12:50,202 LOW EARTH ORBIT IS JUST 3/8 OF 377 00:12:50,269 --> 00:12:52,505 AN INCH ABOVE THE GLOBE. 378 00:12:52,571 --> 00:12:54,507 IT'S COOL AND I WOULD LOVE TO GO 379 00:12:54,573 --> 00:12:56,275 THERE AND WE OF SOME ASTRONAUTS 380 00:12:56,342 --> 00:12:58,244 COMING UP IN A FEW MINUTES. 381 00:12:58,310 --> 00:13:02,281 BUT WE WANT TO GO FARTHER AND 382 00:13:02,348 --> 00:13:02,615 DEEPER. 383 00:13:02,681 --> 00:13:05,384 I LOVE SCIENCE. 384 00:13:05,451 --> 00:13:06,619 I'M COOKY FOR SCIENCE. 385 00:13:06,685 --> 00:13:07,753 >> YOU ARE A SCIENCE GUY. 386 00:13:07,820 --> 00:13:09,788 >> I AM A SCIENCE GUY. 387 00:13:09,855 --> 00:13:11,690 KEEP IN MIND WHEN HUMANS GO TO A 388 00:13:11,757 --> 00:13:15,194 PLACE TWO THINGS ARE GOING TO 389 00:13:15,261 --> 00:13:17,963 HAPPEN WHEN YOU EXPLORE. 390 00:13:18,030 --> 00:13:19,632 TWO MORE THINGS ARE GOING TO 391 00:13:19,698 --> 00:13:19,965 HAPPEN. 392 00:13:20,032 --> 00:13:21,133 YOU'RE GOING TO MAKE DISCOVERIES 393 00:13:21,200 --> 00:13:23,536 WHETHER IT's YOUR BACK DOOR OR 394 00:13:23,602 --> 00:13:23,936 MARS. 395 00:13:24,003 --> 00:13:25,404 BUT THE OTHER THING IS YOU'RE 396 00:13:25,471 --> 00:13:27,873 GOING TO HAVE AN ADVENTURE AND 397 00:13:27,940 --> 00:13:29,742 THAT IS WHAT ENGAGES US IN A WAY 398 00:13:29,808 --> 00:13:30,809 THAT IS PRICELESS. 399 00:13:30,876 --> 00:13:33,445 NOW EVERYBODY -- YOU CAN SAY -- 400 00:13:33,512 --> 00:13:36,649 YOU CAN ASK THE OLD QUESTION, 401 00:13:36,715 --> 00:13:38,150 SHOULD WE PAY TEACHER SALARIES, 402 00:13:38,217 --> 00:13:41,187 BUILD A NEW BASEBALL STADIUM OR 403 00:13:41,253 --> 00:13:42,288 EXPLORE SPACE? 404 00:13:42,354 --> 00:13:45,357 I HOPE IF IT WAS JUST A ZERO SUM 405 00:13:45,424 --> 00:13:46,926 THING WE'D PAY TEACHERS FOR 406 00:13:46,992 --> 00:13:47,826 CRYING OUT OF LOUD. 407 00:13:47,893 --> 00:13:49,428 BUT IT's NOT ONE ARE THE OTHER. 408 00:13:49,495 --> 00:13:52,264 YOU GOT TO DO EVERYTHING. 409 00:13:52,331 --> 00:13:54,500 THE NASA BUDGET IS AN 410 00:13:54,567 --> 00:13:55,334 EXTRAORDINARY VALUE. 411 00:13:55,401 --> 00:13:57,069 IF YOU ASK PEOPLE AROUND THE 412 00:13:57,136 --> 00:13:59,672 WORLD WHAT THEY THINK OF NASA, 413 00:13:59,738 --> 00:14:02,041 NASA IS THE BEST BRAND THE 414 00:14:02,107 --> 00:14:02,608 UNITED STATES HAS. 415 00:14:02,675 --> 00:14:07,580 >> I WANT TO INTERRUPT. 416 00:14:07,646 --> 00:14:09,148 LET ME SHARE WITH YOU A VISION 417 00:14:09,215 --> 00:14:11,717 WHY I THINK WE OUGHT TO MOVE 418 00:14:11,784 --> 00:14:12,885 BEYOND LOW EARTH ARE ORBIT AND 419 00:14:12,952 --> 00:14:16,055 GET AWAY OUT THERE, NOT JUST AN 420 00:14:16,121 --> 00:14:18,224 INCH BUT MAYBE TO THE MOON OR 421 00:14:18,290 --> 00:14:20,926 HALFWAY OR BEYOND THE MOON. 422 00:14:20,993 --> 00:14:22,995 THE REASON I WOULD LIKE TO DO 423 00:14:23,062 --> 00:14:26,398 THAT IS BECAUSE I'M IMAGING 424 00:14:26,465 --> 00:14:28,334 BUILDING WITH ASTRONAUTS AN 425 00:14:28,400 --> 00:14:34,974 AMAZINGLY LARGE SPACE TELESCOPE, 426 00:14:35,040 --> 00:14:36,041 LARGER THAN JAMES WEBB. 427 00:14:36,108 --> 00:14:37,509 SOMETHING WE MAY HAVE TO 428 00:14:37,576 --> 00:14:38,911 ASSEMBLE IN ORBIT. 429 00:14:38,978 --> 00:14:41,013 >> OR ASSEMBLE ON THE SURFACE OF 430 00:14:41,080 --> 00:14:41,480 THE MOON. 431 00:14:41,547 --> 00:14:44,083 >> WELL, I DON'T KNOW IF I WOULD 432 00:14:44,149 --> 00:14:46,218 AGREE WITH THAT. 433 00:14:46,285 --> 00:14:48,120 >> ON THE MOON. 434 00:14:48,187 --> 00:14:48,821 NO. 435 00:14:48,887 --> 00:14:52,992 MARS, IT's LIKE I'VE BEEN IN 436 00:14:53,058 --> 00:14:54,159 THIS WORLD FOR 21 YEARS -- 437 00:14:54,226 --> 00:14:55,628 >> WE'RE STRUGGLING WITH THE 438 00:14:55,694 --> 00:14:57,129 JAMES WEBB TELESCOPE RIGHT NOW. 439 00:14:57,196 --> 00:14:58,764 >> IT's A HARD PROBLEM. 440 00:14:58,831 --> 00:15:02,868 NO ONE's EVER TRIED TO BUILD ONE 441 00:15:02,935 --> 00:15:03,202 BEFORE. 442 00:15:03,269 --> 00:15:06,805 >> YOU CAN'T BUY A KIT. 443 00:15:06,872 --> 00:15:08,307 >> AND OF COURSE I'VE BEEN ON 444 00:15:08,374 --> 00:15:10,476 THE HILL OF COURSE MAKING SURE 445 00:15:10,542 --> 00:15:12,144 THAT WE ARE IN COMPLIANCE WITH 446 00:15:12,211 --> 00:15:13,579 THE LAW AND WE HAVE GREAT 447 00:15:13,646 --> 00:15:14,613 SUPPORT FROM MEMBERS OF CONGRESS 448 00:15:14,680 --> 00:15:16,115 ON BOTH SIDES OF THE AISLE FOR 449 00:15:16,181 --> 00:15:16,715 THE JAMES WEBB. 450 00:15:16,782 --> 00:15:19,184 LET ME JUST SAY THIS, WITH THE 451 00:15:19,251 --> 00:15:20,286 JAMES WEBB SPACE TELESCOPE WE 452 00:15:20,352 --> 00:15:22,254 ARE INVENTING NEW THINGS IN 453 00:15:22,321 --> 00:15:23,989 ORDER TO PUT SOMETHING ON ORBIT 454 00:15:24,056 --> 00:15:26,458 THAT IS GOING TO NOT ONLY SEE 455 00:15:26,525 --> 00:15:27,960 DISTANCES BUT GOING TO SEE BACK 456 00:15:28,027 --> 00:15:29,561 IN TIME TO THE VERY DAWN OF 457 00:15:29,628 --> 00:15:31,797 LIGHT IN THE UNIVERSE, THE VERY 458 00:15:31,864 --> 00:15:33,766 BEGINNING OF SPACE AND TIME. 459 00:15:33,832 --> 00:15:35,334 WE'LL BE ABLE TO SEE THAT. 460 00:15:35,401 --> 00:15:36,969 THE VERY FIRST LIGHT IN THE 461 00:15:37,036 --> 00:15:37,336 UNIVERSE. 462 00:15:37,403 --> 00:15:41,240 WE HAVE MODELS OVER WHAT THAT 463 00:15:41,307 --> 00:15:42,675 MIGHT LOOK LIKE. 464 00:15:42,741 --> 00:15:43,776 BILL NYE KNOWS EXACTLY WHAT IT 465 00:15:43,842 --> 00:15:44,209 LOOKS LIKE. 466 00:15:44,276 --> 00:15:44,843 >> SURE I DO. 467 00:15:44,910 --> 00:15:46,812 >> WHAT WHEN HE KNOW IS THAT OUR 468 00:15:46,879 --> 00:15:49,915 MODELS ARE NOT RIGHT. 469 00:15:49,982 --> 00:15:51,917 WE'LL BE ABLE TO SEE UT 0 TO THE 470 00:15:51,984 --> 00:15:54,219 VERY EDGE OF THE UNIVERSE AND 471 00:15:54,286 --> 00:15:55,721 PLANET THAT WE NOW KNOW ALL 472 00:15:55,788 --> 00:15:57,823 THESE STARS HAVE MANY PLANETS 473 00:15:57,890 --> 00:15:59,591 AROUND EACH STAR, WE'LL BE ABLE 474 00:15:59,658 --> 00:16:04,797 TO NOT NOT SEE THOSE PLANETS BUT 475 00:16:04,863 --> 00:16:06,965 CHARACTERIZE THE ATMOSPHERE TO 476 00:16:07,032 --> 00:16:08,934 DETERMINE IF THOSE PLANETS COULD 477 00:16:09,001 --> 00:16:11,170 BE INHABITABLE OR NOT. 478 00:16:11,236 --> 00:16:13,505 THIS IS GOING TO BE 479 00:16:13,572 --> 00:16:14,673 TRANSFORMATIVE AND REWRITE 480 00:16:14,740 --> 00:16:15,140 SCIENCE BOOKS. 481 00:16:15,207 --> 00:16:16,508 BILL NYE WILL HAVE A LOT OF WORK 482 00:16:16,575 --> 00:16:17,076 TO DO. 483 00:16:17,142 --> 00:16:19,078 >> BRING IT ON. 484 00:16:19,144 --> 00:16:19,978 >> WORTH MORE YEARS -- 485 00:16:20,045 --> 00:16:22,648 >> JUST TO BE CLEAR, IT WILL BE 486 00:16:22,715 --> 00:16:24,650 ABLE TO DO THAT WORK IF WE ARE 487 00:16:24,717 --> 00:16:27,386 LUCKY AND WIN THE LOTTERY TWICE 488 00:16:27,453 --> 00:16:29,355 OVER AND FIND SYSTEMS THAT ARE 489 00:16:29,421 --> 00:16:31,957 CLOSE ENOUGH TO US THAT WILL BE 490 00:16:32,024 --> 00:16:33,325 WITHIN THE REACH OF JAMES WEBB 491 00:16:33,392 --> 00:16:34,326 SPACE TELESCOPE. 492 00:16:34,393 --> 00:16:35,594 WE HAVE THE REST SATELLITE WHICH 493 00:16:35,661 --> 00:16:37,596 IS LOOKING RIGHT NOW HOPEFULLY 494 00:16:37,663 --> 00:16:39,732 IT WILL FIND THEM AND MAYBE -- I 495 00:16:39,798 --> 00:16:40,833 DON'T KNOW IF YOU ALL BOUGHT 496 00:16:40,899 --> 00:16:42,935 YOUR LOTTERY TICKETS RIGHT 497 00:16:43,001 --> 00:16:44,603 NOW -- MAYBE WE CAN DO THAT. 498 00:16:44,670 --> 00:16:46,538 BUT THE REASON I WAS TALKING 499 00:16:46,605 --> 00:16:47,706 ABOUT A FUTURE SPACE TELESCOPE. 500 00:16:47,773 --> 00:16:50,509 WE WANT TO BE ABLE TO ANSWER 501 00:16:50,576 --> 00:16:52,578 THIS QUESTION YES OR NO DO 502 00:16:52,644 --> 00:16:54,313 EARTH-LIKE PLANETS AROUND 503 00:16:54,380 --> 00:16:56,482 SUN-LIKE STARS TRULY HAVE THE 504 00:16:56,548 --> 00:16:58,283 ABILITY TO BE HABITABLE? 505 00:16:58,350 --> 00:17:00,619 AND WE MAY NOT BE ABLE TO ANSWER 506 00:17:00,686 --> 00:17:01,954 THAT QUESTION WITH WEBB, THAT's 507 00:17:02,020 --> 00:17:04,523 WHY WE NEED TO MOVE FORWARD. 508 00:17:04,590 --> 00:17:05,624 YOU AND I TALKED A LITTLE BIT 509 00:17:05,691 --> 00:17:06,992 ABOUT THIS AND YOU SAID, DON'T 510 00:17:07,059 --> 00:17:10,696 SAY THAT, HEIDI BECAUSE I'M 511 00:17:10,763 --> 00:17:12,431 GOING TO SAY IT ANYWAY. 512 00:17:12,498 --> 00:17:14,867 BUILDING A FACILITY LIKE HUBBLE 513 00:17:14,933 --> 00:17:17,136 OR JAMES WEBB OR SOME FUTURE 514 00:17:17,202 --> 00:17:19,571 SPACE TELESCOPE TAKES TIME. 515 00:17:19,638 --> 00:17:27,780 YOU CAN'T DO IT IN A YEAR OR 2 516 00:17:27,846 --> 00:17:28,947 OR 5 OR 10. 517 00:17:29,014 --> 00:17:30,516 SOMETIMES IT TAKES 20 YEARS TO 518 00:17:30,582 --> 00:17:32,284 BUILD A CUTTING EDGE FACILITY. 519 00:17:32,351 --> 00:17:35,587 THAT's TRUE FOR MANY OF NASA's 520 00:17:35,654 --> 00:17:36,155 GREAT MISSIONS. 521 00:17:36,221 --> 00:17:37,322 WE HAVE TO UNDERSTAND THAT AND 522 00:17:37,389 --> 00:17:38,891 TAKE IT AS PART OF THE REALITY 523 00:17:38,957 --> 00:17:40,325 THAT WE WORK IN. 524 00:17:40,392 --> 00:17:42,661 >> FOR THE POLITICIANS OUT 525 00:17:42,728 --> 00:17:45,697 THERE, WHEN THE NASA BUDGET IS 526 00:17:45,764 --> 00:17:46,999 UNCERTAIN, WHEN THERE'S A 527 00:17:47,065 --> 00:17:52,304 PROPOSAL TO CUT 5%, IT's VERY 528 00:17:52,371 --> 00:17:54,373 DIFFICULT FOR PROGRAMS TO COUNT 529 00:17:54,440 --> 00:17:56,442 ON THE FUNDING AND MAKE ADEQUATE 530 00:17:56,508 --> 00:17:56,742 PLANS. 531 00:17:56,809 --> 00:17:59,011 THIS LEADS TO COST OVERRUNS. 532 00:17:59,077 --> 00:18:02,948 >> LET ME GO TO TWITTER. 533 00:18:03,015 --> 00:18:04,650 I THINK THIS IS DIRECTED AT YOU. 534 00:18:04,716 --> 00:18:07,186 HOW CAN NASA REACH ITS GOALS 535 00:18:07,252 --> 00:18:08,787 WHEN THE DESTINATION, THE MOON 536 00:18:08,854 --> 00:18:10,289 AND MARS CHANGES WITH EVERY 537 00:18:10,355 --> 00:18:10,756 ADMINISTRATION? 538 00:18:10,823 --> 00:18:12,758 >> THAT's A CRITICALLY IMPORTANT 539 00:18:12,825 --> 00:18:13,125 QUESTION. 540 00:18:13,192 --> 00:18:15,327 >> YOU'VE BEEN HERE 6 MONTHS. 541 00:18:15,394 --> 00:18:23,001 >> HERE's THE THING, AND I THINK 542 00:18:23,068 --> 00:18:25,103 THIS IS AN IMPORTANT TO MAKE. 543 00:18:25,170 --> 00:18:27,139 WE WANT TO IMPROVE TEBLG 544 00:18:27,206 --> 00:18:28,140 TECHNOLOGY AND CAPABILITY. 545 00:18:28,207 --> 00:18:29,842 WE WANT EVERYTHING TO BE 546 00:18:29,908 --> 00:18:30,209 REUSABLE. 547 00:18:30,275 --> 00:18:32,044 WE TALK ABOUT REUSABLE ROCKETS. 548 00:18:32,110 --> 00:18:33,145 WE'VE SEEN WHAT HAPPENS. 549 00:18:33,212 --> 00:18:34,346 THE COST GOES DOWN AND ACCESS 550 00:18:34,413 --> 00:18:35,547 GOES UP. 551 00:18:35,614 --> 00:18:37,916 WE WANT THE ENTIRE ARCHITECTURE 552 00:18:37,983 --> 00:18:42,087 BETWEEN THE EARTH AND MOON TO BE 553 00:18:42,154 --> 00:18:42,454 REUSABLE. 554 00:18:42,521 --> 00:18:44,289 WE WANT A REUSABLE COMMAND 555 00:18:44,356 --> 00:18:46,058 MODULE IN ORBIT AROUND THE MOON. 556 00:18:46,125 --> 00:18:48,627 WE CALL IT GATEWAY. 557 00:18:48,694 --> 00:18:51,463 THINK ABOUT IT AS A REUSABLE 558 00:18:51,530 --> 00:18:52,097 COMMAND MODULE. 559 00:18:52,164 --> 00:18:54,233 CAN BE THERE 15 YEARS AND 560 00:18:54,299 --> 00:18:55,534 REUSABLE LANDERS THAT CAN GO 561 00:18:55,601 --> 00:18:58,136 BACK AND FORTH WITH ROBOTS AND 562 00:18:58,203 --> 00:18:59,838 HUMANS AND IN BUILDING THIS 563 00:18:59,905 --> 00:19:00,973 ARCHITECTURE WITH REUSABILITY 564 00:19:01,039 --> 00:19:02,574 THAT's HOW WE GET SUSTAINABILITY 565 00:19:02,641 --> 00:19:04,276 FOR THE LONG TERM. 566 00:19:04,343 --> 00:19:09,248 AND IT's ULTIMATELY THIS 567 00:19:09,314 --> 00:19:11,416 ARCHITECTURE CAN HAVE AMERICAN 568 00:19:11,483 --> 00:19:14,219 COMPONENTS BUT IT ALSO IS OPEN 569 00:19:14,286 --> 00:19:14,653 ARCHITECTURE. 570 00:19:14,720 --> 00:19:17,389 THE WAY WE DO AVIONICS, THE WAY 571 00:19:17,456 --> 00:19:19,525 WE DO DATA AND POWER AND DOCKING 572 00:19:19,591 --> 00:19:21,226 AND ALL THE PIECES THAT GO INTO 573 00:19:21,293 --> 00:19:22,394 THIS OVERALL ARCHITECTURE IS 574 00:19:22,461 --> 00:19:24,463 GOING TO BE PUBLISHED ON THE 575 00:19:24,530 --> 00:19:24,830 INTERNET. 576 00:19:24,897 --> 00:19:25,864 IF YOU'RE A COUNTRY OUT THERE 577 00:19:25,931 --> 00:19:27,266 AND YOU WANT TO BUILD A TUG OR 578 00:19:27,332 --> 00:19:29,034 YOU WANT TO BUILD A LANDER YOU 579 00:19:29,101 --> 00:19:30,435 CAN PLUG INTO THE ARCHITECTURE. 580 00:19:30,502 --> 00:19:32,404 IF YOU'RE A PRIVATE COMPANY OUT 581 00:19:32,471 --> 00:19:34,239 THERE AND YOU WANT TO INVEST IN 582 00:19:34,306 --> 00:19:35,374 BUILDING YOUR OWN LANDER, YOU 583 00:19:35,440 --> 00:19:36,074 CAN DO THAT. 584 00:19:36,141 --> 00:19:38,777 AND THE GATEWAY IS GOING TO BE 585 00:19:38,844 --> 00:19:39,244 AVAILABLE. 586 00:19:39,311 --> 00:19:40,479 THIS REUSABLE COMMAND MODULE 587 00:19:40,546 --> 00:19:41,780 WILL BE AVAILABLE FOR YOUR 588 00:19:41,847 --> 00:19:43,148 ACTIVITY AS WELL. 589 00:19:43,215 --> 00:19:45,017 WE WANT INTERNATIONAL PARTNERS 590 00:19:45,083 --> 00:19:46,318 AND COMMERCIAL PARTNERS AND 591 00:19:46,385 --> 00:19:48,954 HERE'S THE KEY TO THE WHOLE 592 00:19:49,021 --> 00:19:49,254 THING. 593 00:19:49,321 --> 00:19:50,489 WE WANT TO PROVE EVERYTHING IS 594 00:19:50,556 --> 00:19:51,557 POSSIBLE AT THE MOON. 595 00:19:51,623 --> 00:19:54,059 WHERE IT's A 3 DAY JOURNEY HOME. 596 00:19:54,126 --> 00:19:55,327 WE KNOW WHAT HAPPENS IF YOU LOOK 597 00:19:55,394 --> 00:19:57,763 AT APOLLO 13. 598 00:19:57,829 --> 00:19:58,530 IF SOMETHING WRONG HAPPENS ON 599 00:19:58,597 --> 00:19:59,798 THE WAY TO THE MOON, YOU CAN 600 00:19:59,865 --> 00:20:00,465 MAKE IT HOME. 601 00:20:00,532 --> 00:20:01,633 IF SOMETHING LIKE THAT WERE TO 602 00:20:01,700 --> 00:20:03,535 HAPPEN ON THE WAY TO MARS, 603 00:20:03,602 --> 00:20:09,308 YOU'RE NOT GOING TO MAKE IT. 604 00:20:09,374 --> 00:20:11,777 WE WANT TO PROVE TECHNOLOGY AND 605 00:20:11,843 --> 00:20:13,679 RETIRE RISK AND REASONABLE 606 00:20:13,745 --> 00:20:17,316 COMMAND MODULE AT THE MOON THAT 607 00:20:17,382 --> 00:20:19,718 HAS MANEUVERABILITY AND STAY IN 608 00:20:19,785 --> 00:20:23,655 THAT LEANIER ORBIT AS WELL. 609 00:20:23,722 --> 00:20:25,991 BUT ULTIMATELY THE SECOND 610 00:20:26,058 --> 00:20:27,659 GATEWAY WILL BE A DEEP SPACE 611 00:20:27,726 --> 00:20:28,060 TRANSPORT. 612 00:20:28,126 --> 00:20:31,196 THAT's OUR PATH TO MARS. 613 00:20:31,263 --> 00:20:32,764 WHAT WE ARE DOING IS BOTH. 614 00:20:32,831 --> 00:20:34,800 WE'RE DOING IT AT THE SAME TIME. 615 00:20:34,866 --> 00:20:42,374 BUT, NO, WE'RE NOT WE'VE HAD 616 00:20:42,441 --> 00:20:43,175 THESE PROGRAMS BEFORE WHERE WE 617 00:20:43,241 --> 00:20:46,778 GO TO THE MOON AND STOP. 618 00:20:46,845 --> 00:20:47,479 I KNOW EVERYBODY SAYS THIS. 619 00:20:47,546 --> 00:20:49,581 HE WE HAVE COMMERCIAL PARTNERS. 620 00:20:49,648 --> 00:20:51,483 SO FAR I'VE BEEN MET WITH 24 621 00:20:51,550 --> 00:20:53,251 HEADS OF SPACE AGENCIES ALL OF 622 00:20:53,318 --> 00:20:54,686 WHICH ARE EXCITED ABOUT OUR 623 00:20:54,753 --> 00:20:56,288 RETURN TO THE MOON AND 624 00:20:56,355 --> 00:20:57,923 EVENTUALLY GOING TO MARS. 625 00:20:57,990 --> 00:21:00,392 >> NASA IS 3 TIMES BIGGER THAN 626 00:21:00,459 --> 00:21:02,160 ANY OTHER SPACE AGENCY. 627 00:21:02,227 --> 00:21:06,465 IT'S STILL THE WORLD's LEADER IN 628 00:21:06,531 --> 00:21:07,399 SPACE. 629 00:21:07,466 --> 00:21:08,567 BUT THE OTHER SPACE AGENCIES IN 630 00:21:08,634 --> 00:21:09,935 THE COMMERCIAL COMPANIES AROUND 631 00:21:10,002 --> 00:21:14,473 THE WORLD DO AMAZING THINGS 632 00:21:14,539 --> 00:21:14,773 ALSO. 633 00:21:14,840 --> 00:21:16,675 >> COLLABORATION IS KEY HERE. 634 00:21:16,742 --> 00:21:18,443 >> ONE OF THE LONG STANDING AND 635 00:21:18,510 --> 00:21:21,413 SORT OF POTENTIALLY SAD IDEAS 636 00:21:21,480 --> 00:21:25,617 ABOUT THE SEARCH FOR LIFE IN 637 00:21:25,684 --> 00:21:27,819 SPACE IS THE IDEA THAT WE MIGHT 638 00:21:27,886 --> 00:21:29,121 NOT FIND LIFE BECAUSE IT HAS A 639 00:21:29,187 --> 00:21:31,657 WAY OF URN ABOUTING UP ITS OWN 640 00:21:31,723 --> 00:21:33,291 RESOURCES OR WRECKING ITS 641 00:21:33,358 --> 00:21:34,793 ENVIRONMENT OR GETTING SO 642 00:21:34,860 --> 00:21:36,194 LOGICALLY ADVANCED -- 643 00:21:36,261 --> 00:21:39,364 >> THIS WAS CLEAR IN THE GOOD 644 00:21:39,431 --> 00:21:40,332 OLD DAYS. 645 00:21:40,399 --> 00:21:42,968 >> OR MAYBE IT's CLIMATE CHANGE. 646 00:21:43,035 --> 00:21:45,937 THAT's ONE SENSE IN WHICH IT's 647 00:21:46,004 --> 00:21:47,205 TIED, SPACE AND WHAT's HAPPENING 648 00:21:47,272 --> 00:21:47,973 ON EARTH. 649 00:21:48,040 --> 00:21:50,042 I WANT TO JUST ASK ON THIS 650 00:21:50,108 --> 00:21:51,243 TOPIC, ADMINISTRATOR. 651 00:21:51,309 --> 00:21:52,711 YOU CHANGE YOUR MIND ON CLIMATE 652 00:21:52,778 --> 00:21:53,045 CHANGE. 653 00:21:53,111 --> 00:21:54,946 YOU SAY IT's HUMAN CAUSED. 654 00:21:55,013 --> 00:21:58,450 WHAT DO YOU WANT TO DO AT NASA 655 00:21:58,517 --> 00:22:00,185 TO BETTER UNDERSTAND THIS? 656 00:22:00,252 --> 00:22:01,420 I GUESS YOU GUYS HAVE TALKED 657 00:22:01,486 --> 00:22:03,221 ABOUT THIS TOPIC A LOT TOGETHER. 658 00:22:03,288 --> 00:22:04,790 I'D LIKE TO HEAR ABOUT THAT. 659 00:22:04,856 --> 00:22:06,425 >> HERE's WHAT WE KNOW. 660 00:22:06,491 --> 00:22:10,762 WE KNOW THAT CARBON DIOXIDE IS A 661 00:22:10,829 --> 00:22:12,464 GREENHOUSE GAS AND WE PUT IT 662 00:22:12,531 --> 00:22:14,599 MORE IN THE ATMOSPHERE THAN EVER 663 00:22:14,666 --> 00:22:16,668 BEFORE SO WE'RE RESPONSIBLE FOR 664 00:22:16,735 --> 00:22:18,470 THE WARMING OF THE PLANET. 665 00:22:18,537 --> 00:22:21,006 WHAT NASA DOES -- WE DO NOT WANT 666 00:22:21,073 --> 00:22:23,175 BE NASA TO GET INVOLVED IN 667 00:22:23,241 --> 00:22:24,376 TELLING POLITICS WHAT THE 668 00:22:24,443 --> 00:22:25,677 SOLUTIONS TO THE PROBLEMS ARE. 669 00:22:25,744 --> 00:22:27,779 BECAUSE IF WE DO THAT WE BECOME 670 00:22:27,846 --> 00:22:32,451 VERY PARTISAN AND VERY 671 00:22:32,517 --> 00:22:32,818 POLITICAL. 672 00:22:32,884 --> 00:22:34,386 WE WANT TO DO DISPASSIONATE 673 00:22:34,453 --> 00:22:34,853 SCIENCE. 674 00:22:34,920 --> 00:22:36,855 WE WANT TO BUILD THE SENSORS 675 00:22:36,922 --> 00:22:37,889 THAT ARE BUILD THE EARTH AND 676 00:22:37,956 --> 00:22:39,157 MAKE ALL OF THAT DATA AND 677 00:22:39,224 --> 00:22:40,892 INFORMATION AVAILABLE TO THE 678 00:22:40,959 --> 00:22:41,226 PUBLIC. 679 00:22:41,293 --> 00:22:42,394 WE WANT PEOPLE TO DO THEIR OWN 680 00:22:42,461 --> 00:22:44,096 RESEARCH ON THE DATA. 681 00:22:44,162 --> 00:22:48,433 WE WANT RESEARCHERS TO TEST EACH 682 00:22:48,500 --> 00:22:50,368 OTHER's HYPOTHESES AND SO NASA 683 00:22:50,435 --> 00:22:52,704 IS COMMITTED TO DISPASSIONATELY 684 00:22:52,771 --> 00:22:54,473 PROVIDING THE DATA AND THE 685 00:22:54,539 --> 00:22:56,374 SCIENCE AND LETTING POLICYMAKERS 686 00:22:56,441 --> 00:22:57,442 DETERMINE WHAT TO DO ABOUT WHAT 687 00:22:57,509 --> 00:22:58,043 WE LEARN. 688 00:22:58,110 --> 00:22:59,344 >> INCLUDING IF THEY FIND 689 00:22:59,411 --> 00:23:01,379 SOMETHING REALLY BAD LIKE IT's 690 00:23:01,446 --> 00:23:03,281 GOING A LOT FASTER THAN WE 691 00:23:03,348 --> 00:23:04,783 THOUGHT THERE'S ANOTHER 692 00:23:04,850 --> 00:23:06,384 FEEDBACK, THEY JUST LET THE 693 00:23:06,451 --> 00:23:07,719 CHIPS FALL WHERE THEY MAY? 694 00:23:07,786 --> 00:23:09,387 >> IT's UP TO THE POLICYMAKERS. 695 00:23:09,454 --> 00:23:12,023 >> I MEAN THE RESEARCHERS, 696 00:23:12,090 --> 00:23:13,725 NASA's RESEARCHERS. 697 00:23:13,792 --> 00:23:16,461 I MEAN IMAGINE THEY FIND ANOTHER 698 00:23:16,528 --> 00:23:19,464 METHANE FEEDBACK IN THE ARCTIC. 699 00:23:19,531 --> 00:23:20,499 >> RESEARCHERS ARE GOING TO 700 00:23:20,565 --> 00:23:20,966 RESEARCH. 701 00:23:21,032 --> 00:23:22,601 THAT's WHAT THEY DO. 702 00:23:22,667 --> 00:23:24,336 PEOPLE WHO ARE KEENLY INTERESTED 703 00:23:24,402 --> 00:23:25,670 IN THOSE KINDS OF QUESTIONS WILL 704 00:23:25,737 --> 00:23:28,106 PURSUE THEM WITH ALL THE PASSION 705 00:23:28,173 --> 00:23:29,207 THAT THEY HAVE. 706 00:23:29,274 --> 00:23:32,110 NOT ONLY ON EARTH BUT ALSO IN 707 00:23:32,177 --> 00:23:33,478 TRYING TO UNDERSTAND HOW MARS 708 00:23:33,545 --> 00:23:37,282 TURNED OUT THE WAY MARS DID AND 709 00:23:37,349 --> 00:23:39,050 VENUS TURNED OUT THE WAY VENUS 710 00:23:39,117 --> 00:23:42,187 DID AND THEY'RE ALL IN OUR SOLAR 711 00:23:42,254 --> 00:23:42,721 SYSTEM. 712 00:23:42,788 --> 00:23:44,823 YOU'RE NOT GOING TO STOP THE 713 00:23:44,890 --> 00:23:46,091 RESEARCHERS, THEY'RE GOING TO 714 00:23:46,158 --> 00:23:47,726 PURSUE THESE QUESTIONS TO 715 00:23:47,793 --> 00:23:49,194 UNDERSTAND HOW OUR EARTH ISSIC 716 00:23:49,261 --> 00:23:51,496 CHANGING AND WHY IS IT CHANGING 717 00:23:51,563 --> 00:23:55,801 AND LOOKING TOWARDS PLANETS OUT 718 00:23:55,867 --> 00:23:57,936 BEYOND OURS PERHAPS TO GET AN 719 00:23:58,003 --> 00:23:59,237 UNDERSTANDING OF MAYBE HOW DID 720 00:23:59,304 --> 00:24:00,305 WE GET HERE? 721 00:24:00,372 --> 00:24:02,340 WHERE ARE WE GOING? 722 00:24:02,407 --> 00:24:03,642 >> WHAT HAPPENED ON THESE OTHER 723 00:24:03,708 --> 00:24:04,009 PLANETS. 724 00:24:04,075 --> 00:24:07,779 FOR ME OF A CERTAIN AGE IT WAS A 725 00:24:07,846 --> 00:24:09,881 CONVERGENCE OF LET's SAY CARL 726 00:24:09,948 --> 00:24:12,651 SAGAN AND JAMES POLLOCK WRITING 727 00:24:12,717 --> 00:24:13,718 COMPUTEER PROGRAM SAYING WHAT 728 00:24:13,785 --> 00:24:16,488 HAPPENED IF ALL THESE NUCLEAR 729 00:24:16,555 --> 00:24:17,255 WEAPONS WENT OFF AT THE SAME 730 00:24:17,322 --> 00:24:19,224 TIME, YOU'D HAVE A BIG CLOUD OF 731 00:24:19,291 --> 00:24:19,591 DARKNESS. 732 00:24:19,658 --> 00:24:21,159 PEOPLE LOOKING FOR OIL OFF THE 733 00:24:21,226 --> 00:24:23,995 COAST OF MEXICO FOUND THIS HUGE 734 00:24:24,062 --> 00:24:25,363 CRATEER AND THEN PRINCIPALLY 735 00:24:25,430 --> 00:24:27,165 JAMES HANSON WAS LOOKING AT 736 00:24:27,232 --> 00:24:30,368 VENUS AND REASONABLEIZED THE 737 00:24:30,435 --> 00:24:31,670 STRENGTH OF GREEN HOUSE EFFECT 738 00:24:31,736 --> 00:24:33,772 ON VENUS AND THESE THINGS CAME 739 00:24:33,839 --> 00:24:38,210 TOGETHER IN MY LIFETIME. 740 00:24:38,276 --> 00:24:42,614 BUT IT TOOK A DECADE THAT 741 00:24:42,681 --> 00:24:44,983 REALIZE THAT CLIMATE CHANGE IS 742 00:24:45,050 --> 00:24:45,383 HAPPENING. 743 00:24:45,450 --> 00:24:50,355 AND NASA HAS A ROLE IN SHOWING 744 00:24:50,422 --> 00:24:53,625 US WHAT IS HAPPENING AS THE SLOW 745 00:24:53,692 --> 00:24:55,861 MOTION SPEEDS UP. 746 00:24:55,927 --> 00:24:59,464 THANK YOU FOR LEADING ON THIS 747 00:24:59,531 --> 00:24:59,764 ISSUE. 748 00:24:59,831 --> 00:25:01,233 BECAUSE THE DATA -- YOU JUST 749 00:25:01,299 --> 00:25:03,535 HAVE TO RESPECT THE FACTS. 750 00:25:03,602 --> 00:25:06,037 IT's JUST VERY IMPORTANT. 751 00:25:06,104 --> 00:25:08,173 HERE's WHAT I WAS SAYING, 752 00:25:08,240 --> 00:25:11,243 STUDYING OTHER PLANETS IS HOW WE 753 00:25:11,309 --> 00:25:13,178 FOUND I WAS GOING -- THE COST OF 754 00:25:13,245 --> 00:25:15,013 EXPLORING THOSE PLANETS IS SO 755 00:25:15,080 --> 00:25:18,617 LOW COMPARED TO WHAT WE LEARNED. 756 00:25:18,683 --> 00:25:20,785 COMPARING THE CLIMATE OF MARS TO 757 00:25:20,852 --> 00:25:22,120 VENUS TO EARTH. 758 00:25:22,187 --> 00:25:22,454 AMAZING. 759 00:25:22,520 --> 00:25:23,488 >> WE ALSO KNOW BECAUSE OF WORK 760 00:25:23,555 --> 00:25:26,191 THAT NASA HAS DONE, WE KNOW THAT 761 00:25:26,258 --> 00:25:33,131 MARS USED TO HAVE A STRONG 762 00:25:33,198 --> 00:25:35,567 MAGNETIC SPHERE AND 2/3 WAS 763 00:25:35,634 --> 00:25:38,370 COVERED IN AN OCEAN. 764 00:25:38,436 --> 00:25:39,437 THE QUESTION IS WHAT HAPPENED? 765 00:25:39,504 --> 00:25:43,408 WAS IT A BILLION YEARS AGO OR 766 00:25:43,475 --> 00:25:47,279 TWO BILLION YEARS AGO? 767 00:25:47,345 --> 00:25:48,680 HOW DID THAT? 768 00:25:48,747 --> 00:25:50,148 STUDYING OTHER PLANETS HELPS US 769 00:25:50,215 --> 00:25:51,750 UNDERSTAND OUR OWN. 770 00:25:51,816 --> 00:25:54,319 >> NOW WE'RE CALLING MARS AN 771 00:25:54,386 --> 00:25:56,588 EX-OCEAN, A FORMER OCEAN PLANET 772 00:25:56,655 --> 00:25:58,490 BECAUSE THERE IS SO MUCH 773 00:25:58,556 --> 00:26:00,825 EVIDENCE OF WATER. 774 00:26:00,892 --> 00:26:04,396 >> SPACE HAS LONG BEEN 775 00:26:04,462 --> 00:26:05,864 TRADITIONALLY BIPARTISAN. 776 00:26:05,931 --> 00:26:06,998 >> PEOPLE DON'T GET ALONG WITH 777 00:26:07,065 --> 00:26:07,499 ANYTHING ELSE. 778 00:26:07,565 --> 00:26:09,501 THEY GET ALONG WITH SPACE. 779 00:26:09,567 --> 00:26:11,803 >> THE TWO OF YOU I GUESS HAVE 780 00:26:11,870 --> 00:26:16,207 NOT ALWAYS SEEN EYE TO EYE. 781 00:26:16,274 --> 00:26:18,510 >> THERE ARE ISSUES WE MIGHT NOT 782 00:26:18,576 --> 00:26:19,711 AGREE ON. 783 00:26:19,778 --> 00:26:22,647 >> BILL YOU GOT CRITICIZED BY 784 00:26:22,714 --> 00:26:24,649 SOME IN THE COMMUNITY FOR 785 00:26:24,716 --> 00:26:25,483 SHOWING UP AT THE STATE OF THE 786 00:26:25,550 --> 00:26:26,184 UNION ADDRESS. 787 00:26:26,251 --> 00:26:28,687 >> IT's BIGGER THAN I AM. 788 00:26:28,753 --> 00:26:30,322 THEED A -- 789 00:26:30,388 --> 00:26:32,891 >> SHAME ON YOU FOR HAVING A 790 00:26:32,958 --> 00:26:33,258 DIALOGUE. 791 00:26:33,325 --> 00:26:34,059 >> I WENT TO HIS OFFICE. 792 00:26:34,125 --> 00:26:36,594 WE HUNG OUT AND TALKED ABOUT 793 00:26:36,661 --> 00:26:37,829 FIGHTER PLANES AMONG OTHER 794 00:26:37,896 --> 00:26:38,163 THINGS. 795 00:26:38,229 --> 00:26:40,131 WE TALKED ABOUT HIS FAMILY AND 796 00:26:40,198 --> 00:26:41,866 WE JUST -- EVERYBODY, THIS IS 797 00:26:41,933 --> 00:26:43,268 SOMETHING ELSE YOU LEARN IN 798 00:26:43,335 --> 00:26:46,171 SPACE EXPLORATION WHEN YOU GO 799 00:26:46,237 --> 00:26:47,605 AROUND THE WORLD AND MEET 800 00:26:47,672 --> 00:26:48,440 INVOLVED IN IT. 801 00:26:48,506 --> 00:26:49,708 PEOPLE ARE MORE ALIKE THAN 802 00:26:49,774 --> 00:26:50,108 DIFFERENT. 803 00:26:50,175 --> 00:26:56,448 >> I WILL TELL YOU, I WAS 804 00:26:56,514 --> 00:26:59,184 SADDENED BY THE GRIEF HE TOOK -- 805 00:26:59,250 --> 00:27:02,220 >> OH, BRING IT ON. 806 00:27:02,287 --> 00:27:03,788 >> THE STATE OF THE UNION IS AN 807 00:27:03,855 --> 00:27:04,923 IMPORTANT THING. 808 00:27:04,990 --> 00:27:05,991 IT'S IN THE CONSTITUTION. 809 00:27:06,057 --> 00:27:08,293 AS IS THE PROGRESS OF SCIENCE 810 00:27:08,360 --> 00:27:09,561 AND USEFUL ARTS. 811 00:27:09,627 --> 00:27:12,530 THAT's IN THE CONSTITUTION, 812 00:27:12,597 --> 00:27:13,898 ARTICLE ONE SECTION 8. 813 00:27:13,965 --> 00:27:18,236 SO SCIENCE IS A REAL WORD 814 00:27:18,303 --> 00:27:18,603 EVERYBODY. 815 00:27:18,670 --> 00:27:19,637 >> WE ALL UNDER ONE SKY. 816 00:27:19,704 --> 00:27:23,675 >> I APOLOGIZE FOR INVITING HIM 817 00:27:23,742 --> 00:27:25,243 TO THE STATE OF THE UNION. 818 00:27:25,310 --> 00:27:26,945 HE TOOK A LOT OF HEAT FOR IT. 819 00:27:27,012 --> 00:27:29,714 >> IT's FINE AND PROGRESS. 820 00:27:29,781 --> 00:27:32,117 PEOPLE THAT EPBT DO GET ALONG ON 821 00:27:32,183 --> 00:27:33,518 ANYTHING ELSE GET ALONG WHEN IT 822 00:27:33,585 --> 00:27:35,086 COMES TO SPACE EXPLORATION. 823 00:27:35,153 --> 00:27:38,923 AND PART OF THAT IS THAT 824 00:27:38,990 --> 00:27:41,226 DISTRIBUTION OF NASA CENTERS 825 00:27:41,292 --> 00:27:42,560 AROUND THE COUNTRY AND EVERYBODY 826 00:27:42,627 --> 00:27:43,695 WHERE YOU GO -- EVERYWHERE 827 00:27:43,762 --> 00:27:45,563 YOU -- NO, NO, REALLY, 828 00:27:45,630 --> 00:27:47,198 EVERYWHERE YOU GO NASA IS 829 00:27:47,265 --> 00:27:48,333 INVOLVED. 830 00:27:48,400 --> 00:27:58,076 NASA PERMEATES OUR CULTURE IN 831 00:27:58,143 --> 00:27:59,077 VIRTUALLY EVERYWHERE. 832 00:27:59,144 --> 00:28:01,246 SPACE BRINGS OUT THE BEST IN US. 833 00:28:01,312 --> 00:28:02,647 WE SOLVE PROBLEMS THAT WE NEVER 834 00:28:02,714 --> 00:28:03,715 SOLVED BEFORE. 835 00:28:03,782 --> 00:28:06,284 I'M NOT JUST WAXING POETIC FOR 836 00:28:06,351 --> 00:28:11,790 THE SAKE OF ORATORRY. 837 00:28:11,856 --> 00:28:13,224 SPACE IS UNIQUE. 838 00:28:13,291 --> 00:28:14,492 IT PWREULGZ OUT THE BEST BEFORE 839 00:28:14,559 --> 00:28:18,063 THE AND WE ACCOMPLISH THINGS IN 840 00:28:18,129 --> 00:28:20,331 MY GRANDPARENTS TIME WERE 841 00:28:20,398 --> 00:28:20,865 THOUGHT UNTHINKABLE. 842 00:28:20,932 --> 00:28:22,400 >> WE'RE RUNNING OUT OF TIME. 843 00:28:22,467 --> 00:28:24,769 I DON'T KNOW IF YOU HAVE ANY 844 00:28:24,836 --> 00:28:25,670 OTHER FINAL THOUGHTS BECAUSE 845 00:28:25,737 --> 00:28:26,471 WE'VE GOT 30 SECONDS. 846 00:28:26,538 --> 00:28:28,039 BUT IT's BEEN A GOOD 847 00:28:28,106 --> 00:28:28,473 CONVERSATION. 848 00:28:28,540 --> 00:28:29,908 OTHERWISE I THINK IT's A REALLY 849 00:28:29,974 --> 00:28:32,077 NICE NOTE TO END ON. 850 00:28:32,143 --> 00:28:33,344 >> GOOD. 851 00:28:33,411 --> 00:28:35,180 SO, EVERYBODY JUST WHILE YOU'RE 852 00:28:35,246 --> 00:28:38,650 HERE, CHECK OUT THE PLANETARY 853 00:28:38,716 --> 00:28:38,983 SOCIETY. 854 00:28:39,050 --> 00:28:41,386 THE WORLD's INDEPENDENT SPACE 855 00:28:41,453 --> 00:28:42,787 ORGANIZATION AND WE ARE HERE, 856 00:28:42,854 --> 00:28:45,623 MR. ADMINISTRATOR, TO GIVE YOU 857 00:28:45,690 --> 00:28:47,525 CORRECT ADVICE ALL THE TIME. 858 00:28:47,592 --> 00:28:49,661 >> THAT's GOOD. 859 00:28:49,727 --> 00:28:51,096 >> I LIKE CORRECT ADVICE. 860 00:28:51,162 --> 00:28:52,330 [APPLAUSE] 861 00:28:52,397 --> 00:28:52,764 >> THANK YOU. 862 00:28:52,831 --> 00:28:55,400 >> WELL, THANKS TO THE PAN HE 863 00:28:55,467 --> 00:28:55,700 WILL.